Autumn Daniels has lived with migraine headaches since childhood, but the attack that gripped the 32-year-old in April was worse than most. After a week of piercing head pain, she visited an urgent care center near her home in Champaign, Illinois, and received an injection of Toradol, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that usually eases her symptoms. The clinic’s doctor told her that if the pain did not improve, she should go to an emergency room the next day.

It did not improve. The following morning, Daniels’ sister took her to a nearby ER at Carle Foundation Hospital in Urbana. According to Daniels, the ER did not appear busy when she registered at the front desk and was briefly taken to an exam room, where a staffer checked her vital signs and asked whether she migraines frequently. She was then told to sit in the waiting room until she was called.

She and her sister waited. And waited. By then, Daniels said, she was vomiting every 10 minutes — a not-uncommon occurrence during one of her serious migraine attacks.

After four hours, with no indication that Daniels would be seen anytime soon, her sister took her to another hospital. There, after a wait of about an hour and a half, Daniels was seen and received treatment, including more Toradol and anti-nausea medication.

Having left Carle without getting treatment, Daniels did not expect to be charged.

Then the bill came.

The Medical Service

Daniels said a staffer checked her pulse, temperature, and blood pressure when she arrived at Carle. She said she received no other services, nor was she seen by a doctor. At one point while the two sat in the waiting room, Daniels said, her sister asked for an ice pack for her head, but the staff would not provide one.

“ER triage is driven by risk of death or serious harm, not by level of suffering,” said Jennifer Robblee, a neurologist at the Barrow Neurological Institute in Phoenix and a board member at the Association of Migraine Disorders. “Migraine patients without red flags are unlikely to be prioritized, as they are not at immediate risk of dying.”

The Bill

The total: $410 for an “Emergency Room Level 1” visit. Daniels said she requested an itemized bill showing how the hospital arrived at that figure but never received one.

Her case is not the first complaint to KFF Health News’ “Bill of the Month” about receiving a bill after leaving a Carle Health emergency room without being treated. In 2023, Maggi Wettstein took her toddler to a different Carle Health hospital and was billed $445 for a nasal swab test for covid and influenza. They, too, left before getting treatment.

The Billing Problem: What Counts as Care?

Though Daniels left the emergency room after a four-hour wait without being treated, the hospital billed her anyway. Her health plan, provided through her job as a state employee, paid for her treatment at the second hospital but denied the Carle claim, leaving her on the hook for the charges.

“Under the terms of her health plan, claims associated with a patient leaving the facility against medical advice are not eligible for coverage,” Leslie Porras, a spokesperson for HealthLink, which administers Daniels’ plan, said in a statement.

When Daniels asked about her bill, a Carle representative responded in an email: “Effective March 1, 2026, Emergency Department visits may result in charges even if you are not seen directly by a provider. When you arrive at the Emergency Department, your visit begins as soon as care is initiated.”

The email said “care” could mean registration and nursing assessment, in addition to diagnostic testing and treatment. It noted that even if patients leave without being seen by a provider, they may still be charged, because the hospital is using resources to maintain its staff, space, and equipment.

Carle Health declined to discuss Daniels’ bill or her care with KFF Health News, even though Daniels signed a privacy waiver authorizing it to do so. In a statement, Carle Health spokesperson Brittany Simon said, “Our Emergency Department has consistent billing practices for triage care,” referring to the process through which patients are evaluated to ensure the most critical cases are treated first. “Carle Health takes patient concerns seriously and supports transparency in our billing processes,” she said.

Typically, an ER bill would include separate dollar amounts for physician charges and hospital charges, said Amber Padron, assistant director of case management at the Patient Advocate Foundation, a nonprofit that assists patients with chronic or life-threatening conditions.

Daniels’ bill instead listed a single charge of $410, described as “Emergency Room Level 1” and carrying the current procedural terminology code “99281.” CPT codes are used to bill for evaluation and management, or E/M, services provided by a medical professional, and Level 1 is the lowest level of emergency care.

But there is a catch: according to the American Medical Association’s CPT guide, “Triage alone is not an E/M service; therefore, it cannot be reported with an E/M code.”

It gets murkier still. According to Robert Mills, a spokesperson for the AMA, the physician charge for an emergency visit under that CPT code would generally be significantly less than $410.

“It is likely the hospital consolidated the provider-billed charge with a facility fee,” Mills said, referring to a fee that hospitals tack onto bills to cover overhead costs, such as utilities.

Amid the billing uncertainty, Daniels is clear about one thing: the decision to charge ER patients who leave without getting treatment is recent. In 2025, she went to the same emergency room with gastrointestinal problems. After waiting several hours, she went elsewhere for care. Before leaving, she said, her mother, who accompanied her that day, confirmed with the front desk that Daniels would not be charged if they left then. And she was not.

“So when I went in for this visit in April, I had no idea I was going to be charged, because it was a very similar set of circumstances,” Daniels said.

The health system did not respond to a question about why it changed its policy.

The Resolution

Carle did not budge. According to the health system’s email to Daniels, “the charges have been determined to be accurate and fully supported by the medical record documentation.”

Daniels said she paid $25 of the $410 bill and has applied for financial assistance.

Meanwhile, according to HealthLink’s statement to KFF Health News, Daniels can contest her health plan’s denial: “Ms. Daniels has the right to appeal the decision through the established appeals process.” Either that appeal or her pending financial-assistance application could still change what she ultimately owes on the $410 bill.

She is considering it, but she remains outraged about what happened.

“How is it ethical or even legal for a hospital to essentially bill for occupying a waiting room?” she asked.

The Takeaway

Do not assume you will not be billed if you leave a hospital before receiving medical care. Patients can check with the front desk about the facility’s policy and ask their insurer whether it covers such bills.

If the hospital billing department is not providing information about what services you are being billed for, request your medical records, said Padron, of the Patient Advocate Foundation.

Furthermore, when a health plan processes a claim, patients should receive an explanation of benefits describing it and explaining what they may owe. Keep an eye on your mail and your insurance portal.

When a claim is denied, filing an appeal with your health plan is always a smart idea, Padron said.

“It’s always going to be no if you don’t appeal,” she said.

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF, an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.